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The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) possesses a variety of obsolete and nonstandard symbols. Throughout the history of the IPA, characters representing phonetic values have been modified or completely replaced. An example is for standard . Several symbols indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that such things should be indicated with diacritics: for is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series has been dropped. Other characters have been added in for specific phonemes which do not possess a specific symbol in the IPA. Those studying modern Chinese phonology have used to represent , a vowel which represents the ''i'' in ''hanzi'' (see Pinyin). There are also unsupported symbols from local traditions that find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA. This is especially common with affricates such as , and many Americanist symbols. While the IPA does not itself have a set of capital letters (the ones that look like capitals are actually small capitals), many languages have adopted symbols from the IPA as part of their orthographies, and in such cases they have invented capital variants of these. This is especially common in Africa. An example is Kabiyé of northern Togo, which has (unicode:Ɔ Ɛ Ŋ Ɣ Ʃ) (capital ). Other pseudo-IPA capitals supported by Unicode are (unicode:Ɓ/Ƃ Ƈ Ɗ/Ƌ Ə/Ǝ Ɠ Ħ Ɯ Ɲ Ɵ Ʈ Ʊ Ʋ Ʒ). (See Case variants of IPA letters.) Capital letters are also used as cover symbols in phonotactic descriptions: C=Consonant, V=Vowel, etc. This list does not include commonplace extensions of the IPA, such as doubling a symbol for a greater degree of a feature ( extra-long , extra stress, strongly aspirated , and extra-rhotic ), nor superscripting for a lesser degree of a feature ( slightly prenasalized , slightly affricated , and epenthetic schwa). The asterisk, as in for the fortis stop of Korean, is the convention the IPA uses when it has no symbol for a phone or feature. For symbols and values which were discarded by 1932, see History of the International Phonetic Alphabet. The table below shows examples of expansion in the meaning of IPA symbols in broad transcription. == Footnotes == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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